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Taxation On Cryptocurrency: Guide To Crypto Taxes In India 2026
Cryptocurrencies are emerging as prominent financial innovation, offering decentralized and border-less transactions. In India virtual digital assets (VDAs) such as cryptocurrencies, NFTs, etc. are now subject to taxation, whose capital gains are taxable at a flat 30%.
- Sale of crypto currencies are taxed at 30% and only purchase cost can be claimed as deduction.
- If crypto is acquired without purchase (as a gift, mining reward, etc.), it is taxed at slab rates.
- TDS is deducted at 1% of sale consideration.
What are Crypto Currencies as per the Income Tax Act?
In layman’s terms, cryptocurrencies are digital currencies designed to buy goods and services, similar to other currencies. Today, more than 1,500 virtual currencies, such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin, Dogecoin, Ripple, Matic, etc., are traded in the digital currency world.
Crypto and NFTs were categorized as “Virtual Digital Assets”, and Section 2(47A) was added to the Income Tax Act to define this term. The definition is quite detailed but mainly includes any information, code, number or token (not Indian or foreign fiat currency) generated through cryptographic means.
Is Crypto Taxed in India?
Yes, gains from cryptocurrency are taxable in India. The government’s official stance on cryptocurrencies and other VDAs was clarified in the 2022 Budget.
The following transaction undertaken using crypto-currency fall under the ambit of taxation
- Spending cryptocurrencies to purchase goods or services.
- Exchanging cryptocurrencies for other cryptocurrencies
- Trading cryptocurrency using fiat currency such as ₹(INR)
- Receive cryptocurrency as payment for a service
- Receiving cryptocurrency as a gift
- Mining cryptocurrency
- Drawing a salary in crypto
- Staking crypto and earning stake benefits
- Receiving Airdrops
How is Cryptocurrency Taxed in India?
- Income from the transfer ( trading, selling, or swapping ) of virtual digital assets such as crypto and NFTs will betaxed at 30%(plus 4% cess)irrespective of whether the income is treated as capital gains or business income.
- The tax rate is the same for Short-Term and Long-Term gains.
- Loss from digital assets cannot be set-off against any other income, not even income from other digital currency.
- Crypto Gains should be reported under Schedule VDA in the ITR.
- Gifting of digital assets will attract tax in the hands of the receiver.
Tax Treatment of Income from Crypto Transactions
Under section 14 of the Income Tax Act, 1961, income from VDA can fall into the below heads of income:
| Scenario | Head of Income |
| When VDA is held as an investment | Capital Gains |
| When VDA is traded frequently | Profits and Gains from Business or Profession |
| When VDA is received through gift, airdrop, etc. | Income from Other Sources |
TDS on Cryptocurrency
| Particulars | Details |
| Relevant TDS Section | Section 393 |
| Corresponding Section under Income Tax Act, 1961 | Section 194S |
| TDS Rate | 1% of the sale consideration |
| TDS Deduction (Payment in Crypto) | The responsible person must deduct and deposit TDS with the government |
| TDS Deduction (Payment in Cash or Kind) | The responsible person must ensure TDS is deducted and paid to the government |
| Threshold for Non-Deduction of TDS |
|
How to Calculate Tax on Crypto?
The following table explains the manner of computation of profits in a crypto transaction:
| Particulars | Amount |
| Sale value | XXX |
| Less: Purchase Price | (XXX) |
| Gain on sale (Taxable figure) | XXX |
Depending on whether you have invested in cryptocurrency, or trading in crypto as a business activity, it will be taxed as a capital gain or business income accordingly.
The computation of tax on crypto, when you have a large amount of transactions in different exchanges and wallets, will be quite complex. Thus one needs to implement crypto bookkeeping software to manage and consolidate all such transactions. This will help you generate reports like capital gain reports, holding reports etc. It involves the following
- Importing all transactions like deposits, withdrawals, Trades etc., from different exchanges and wallets.
- The software will automatically recognise transactions like deposits, withdrawals, staking income, trades etc.
- Pending entries for categorisation need to be classified.
- The last stage is closing balance verification. This ensures that the closing balance, as per actual holdings, matches the books.
Tax on Airdrops
- An airdrop refers to the process of distributing cryptocurrency tokens or coins directly to specific wallet addresses, generally without consideration.
- Airdrops are done to increase awareness about the token and increase liquidity in the early stages of a new currency.
- Such airdrops are taxable under Income from other sources.
On What Amount will the Airdrops be Taxed?
Receiving crypto: Airdrops will be taxed on the value determined as per Rule 11UA, i.e. at the fair market value of the tokens as on the date of receipt on exchanges or DEXes. Tax will be levied at normal slab rates.
Sell, swap, or spend them later:If you sell, swap or spend those tokens later, then a 30% tax will be levied on the gains made. The amount which was taxed earlier can be claimed as cost of acquisition.
E.g:
1) Let’s say Mr Bob receives 20,000 ABC tokens as Airdrop on April 01 2022, but these tokens do not trade either on exchanges or DEXs. Then, no tax will be levied.
2) Now, let’s assume Mr Bob receives 20,000 ABC tokens as an Airdrop on April 01, 2022, too, and ABC tokens are traded (exchanging, buying, or selling) on exchanges or DEXes. On April 01, 2022, the ABC token price on the exchange is ₹10.
- In the first case, the tax will be charged at slab rates.
- Now, if Mr Bob sells these tokens at Rs 5,00,000, then Rs 2,00,000 will be considered as a cost, and the balance of Rs 3,00,000 will be taxable at 30%.
Tax on Mining Cryptocurrency
- Mining refers to the process of verifying and recording transactions on a blockchain network using powerful computers or specialized mining hardware.
- In a blockchain network, transactions are verified by a group of nodes or computers, called miners, who compete to solve complex mathematical puzzles. The first miner to solve the puzzle is rewarded with a certain amount of cryptocurrency, which varies depending on the network.
On what Amount will Crypto Mining be Taxed?
Receiving crypto: Crypto assets received at the time of mining will be taxed on the value determined as per Rule 11UA, i.e. at the fair market value of the tokens as on the date of receipt on exchanges or DEXes. Tax will be levied at slab rates on such value.
Sell, swap, or spend them later:
- If you sell, swap or spend those assets later, a 30% tax will be levied on the gains made.
- The cost of acquisition for crypto mining will be considered ‘Zero’ for computing the gains at the time of sale.
- No expenses such as electricity or infra cost can be included in the cost of acquisition.
Tax on Crypto Staking/Forging
- In the realm of cryptocurrencies, forging (or minting) refers to the process of generating new blocks in the blockchain using the Proof-of-Stake algorithm in exchange for rewards in the form of newly generated cryptocurrencies and commission fees.
- If you stake cryptocurrency, you may have to pay taxes on your earnings. The amount you earn from staking depends on the Annual Percentage Rate (APR) offered by the validator. For instance, if you stake 100 coins with a 10% APR, you will earn 10% interest every year.
- This income you earn from staking will be taxed at slab rates.
- When you sell your crypto asset, you will be liable to pay 30%Capital Gains Tax.
In general, transferring your coins to a staking pool or wallet does not typically attract taxes. Additionally, moving assets between wallets is often considered tax-exempt.
Tax on Crypto Gifts
- Tax treatment on giftsdiffers depending on whether it is money, immovable property or movable property. In Budget 2022, VDAs were included within the scope of movable properties.
- Therefore, crypto gifts received will be taxed as ‘Income From Other Sources’ at regular slab rates if the total value of gifts is more than Rs 50,000.
- Crypto received as gifts from relatives will be tax-exempt. However, if the value of the crypto gift from a non-relative exceeds Rs 50,000, it becomes taxable.
- Gifts received on special occasions, through inheritance or will, marriage, or in contemplation of death, are also exempt from taxes.
Cryptos can be gifted either through gift cards, crypto tokens or crypto paper wallets.
You can use ClearTax’s Crypto Tax feature to calculate taxes on cryptocurrencies received as gifts.
Loss from Crypto Transactions
- As per Section 115BBH, losses incurred in crypto cannot be offset against any income, including gains from cryptocurrency. So, a crypto investor cannot off set previous year losses from a crypto asset while filing ITR this year.
- Moreover, Indian investors in cryptocurrency are not permitted to claim expenses related to their crypto activities, except for the acquisition cost or purchase cost.
Eg: Mr X purchased Rs 60,000 worth of Bitcoins and later sold it for Rs 80,000. He also bought Ethereum worth Rs 40,000 and sold them for Rs 30,000. The exchange charged a trading fee of Rs 1,000. The tax on both these transactions shall be computed as under:
| Currency | Buy (in Rs) | Sell (in Rs) | Net Profit or (Loss) | Tax Rate | Tax Amount |
| Bitcoin | 60,000 | 80,000 | 20,000 | 30% | 6,000 |
| Ethereum | 40,000 | 30,000 | (10,000) | 30% | – |
| Total |
Here, Rs 10,000 loss is not allowed to be offset against the gains of Rs 20,000. The entire Rs 20,000 income is taxed at 30%. Also, the trading fee of Rs 1,000 is not allowed as a deduction.
Summary of Crypto Transactions and the Applicable Rate
| Transaction | Tax Treatment |
| Buying crypto | 1% Tax Deducted at Source (TDS) by the exchange (excluding international & P2P trades) |
| Selling crypto | 30% tax on any capital gains |
| Trading crypto for crypto | 30% tax on any gains |
| Holding crypto | Generally tax-free, but subject to capital gains tax upon disposal |
| Moving crypto between your own wallets | Generally tax-free; ensure proper documentation for audit trails |
| Airdrops of crypto | Considered as income at your applicable tax rate; 30% tax if later sold |
| Hard forks | Income Tax at your applicable tax rate upon receipt; 30% tax if later sold |
| Gifts of crypto | The recipient will be subject to tax at normal rates; exemptions is for gifts from close family |
| Donating crypto | Only cash donations are tax deductible; any perceived profits may be subject to 30% tax |
| Mining rewards | Income Tax at your individual tax rate; 30% tax if later sold |
| Staking rewards | Income Tax at your individual tax rate; 30% tax if later sold |
Final Word
Crypto tax provisions in India is nascent and still evolving. There are still grey areas that needs clarification from the department,to ensure consistent interpretation and compliance.
Frequently Asked Questions
In India, gains from cryptocurrency are subject to a 30% tax (along with applicable surcharge and 4% cess) under Section 115BBH.
30% crypto tax will be levied on the income you made from cryptocurrency which can be calculated as:
Sale Price – Cost Price = Income.
For the financial year 2025-26 and assessment year 2026-27, you will need to declare your cryptocurrency taxes using either the ITR-2 form (if reporting as capital gains) or the ITR-3 form (if reporting as business income), under ‘Schedule VDA’.
TDS under section 194S needs to be deducted at 1% on sale consideration. TDS needs to be deducted by the buyer (who pays the consideration).
United Arab Emirates, HongKong, Malaysia, Singapore, Switzerland, Georgia, Cayman Islands, Slovenia, British Virgin Islands, Malta, El Salvador, and Peurto Rico are the countries on which crypto is tax free.
Under Schedule VDA, crypto gains can be reported in your ITR.
